在PHP中正确创建URL标记(包括UTF-8的音译)

本文概述

• 用PHP实现
• 支持UTF-8字符
• 短塞功能

除了改善你的文章的SEO之外, 使用Slug(语义URL)的目的还在于防止用户在创建文章时使用URL不允许的特殊字符来合理使用目标用法的含义取决于上下文。

在本文中, 你将学习如何在PHP中正确处理字符串, 包括(或不支持)回历和特殊拉丁字符。

用PHP实现

以下函数提供了一种将文本转换为有效段的简单方法：

<?php

/**
 * Return the slug of a string to be used in a URL.
 *
 * @return String
 */
function slugify($text){
    // replace non letter or digits by -
    $text = preg_replace('~[^\pL\d]+~u', '-', $text);

    // transliterate
    $text = iconv('utf-8', 'us-ascii//TRANSLIT', $text);

    // remove unwanted characters
    $text = preg_replace('~[^-\w]+~', '', $text);

    // trim
    $text = trim($text, '-');

    // remove duplicated - symbols
    $text = preg_replace('~-+~', '-', $text);

    // lowercase
    $text = strtolower($text);

    if (empty($text)) {
      return 'n-a';
    }

    return $text;
}

$url = slugify('Hello world, this is the name of my article');
// hello-world-this-is-the-name-of-my-article

请注意, 任何特殊字符都将替换为-符号, 如果要将它们转换为等效字符(Ü到U), 请继续阅读。

支持UTF-8字符

如果你没有遇到这个问题, 你可能会问自己, 为什么以前的函数不能对所有字符串都起作用？答案很简单, URL上不支持的那些无法识别的字符(大多数为西里尔字母)将被替换为-符号。

为了理解这种行为, 我将向你展示以下示例：

echo slugify('Cómo hablar en sílabas');
// Outputs : cmo-hablar-en-slabas

// It would be better for SEO if the URL is instead:
// como-hablar-en-silabas

有什么比将这些无法识别的字符转换为普通编码字符以创建”普通” URL的子弹功能更好的呢？这就是以下功能的重点。

由Sean Murphy编写的以下代码片段将支持拉丁语, 希腊语, 乌克兰语, 波兰语等与正常字符等效的字符。该摘要已发布在Github中的原始Gist中。

注意：如果你不想为此使用如此大的功能, 则可以在本文末尾查看单行解决方案Providen, 该解决方案也支持UTF-8(以最不知名的字符为准)。

随意从$ char_map数组中删除那些在你所在国家/地区可能不会使用的字符, 并使代码更短。

<?php
/**
 * Create a web friendly URL slug from a string.
 * 
 * Although supported, transliteration is discouraged because
 *     1) most web browsers support UTF-8 characters in URLs
 *     2) transliteration causes a loss of information
 *
 * @author Sean Murphy <sean@iamseanmurphy.com>
 * @copyright Copyright 2012 Sean Murphy. All rights reserved.
 * @license http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 *
 * @param string $str
 * @param array $options
 * @return string
 */
function url_slug($str, $options = array()) {
	// Make sure string is in UTF-8 and strip invalid UTF-8 characters
	$str = mb_convert_encoding((string)$str, 'UTF-8', mb_list_encodings());
	
	$defaults = array(
		'delimiter' => '-', 'limit' => null, 'lowercase' => true, 'replacements' => array(), 'transliterate' => false, );
	
	// Merge options
	$options = array_merge($defaults, $options);
	
	$char_map = array(
		// Latin
		'À' => 'A', 'Á' => 'A', 'Â' => 'A', 'Ã' => 'A', 'Ä' => 'A', 'Å' => 'A', 'Æ' => 'AE', 'Ç' => 'C', 'È' => 'E', 'É' => 'E', 'Ê' => 'E', 'Ë' => 'E', 'Ì' => 'I', 'Í' => 'I', 'Î' => 'I', 'Ï' => 'I', 'Ð' => 'D', 'Ñ' => 'N', 'Ò' => 'O', 'Ó' => 'O', 'Ô' => 'O', 'Õ' => 'O', 'Ö' => 'O', 'Ő' => 'O', 'Ø' => 'O', 'Ù' => 'U', 'Ú' => 'U', 'Û' => 'U', 'Ü' => 'U', 'Ű' => 'U', 'Ý' => 'Y', 'Þ' => 'TH', 'ß' => 'ss', 'à' => 'a', 'á' => 'a', 'â' => 'a', 'ã' => 'a', 'ä' => 'a', 'å' => 'a', 'æ' => 'ae', 'ç' => 'c', 'è' => 'e', 'é' => 'e', 'ê' => 'e', 'ë' => 'e', 'ì' => 'i', 'í' => 'i', 'î' => 'i', 'ï' => 'i', 'ð' => 'd', 'ñ' => 'n', 'ò' => 'o', 'ó' => 'o', 'ô' => 'o', 'õ' => 'o', 'ö' => 'o', 'ő' => 'o', 'ø' => 'o', 'ù' => 'u', 'ú' => 'u', 'û' => 'u', 'ü' => 'u', 'ű' => 'u', 'ý' => 'y', 'þ' => 'th', 'ÿ' => 'y', // Latin symbols
		'©' => '(c)', // Greek
		'Α' => 'A', 'Β' => 'B', 'Γ' => 'G', 'Δ' => 'D', 'Ε' => 'E', 'Ζ' => 'Z', 'Η' => 'H', 'Θ' => '8', 'Ι' => 'I', 'Κ' => 'K', 'Λ' => 'L', 'Μ' => 'M', 'Ν' => 'N', 'Ξ' => '3', 'Ο' => 'O', 'Π' => 'P', 'Ρ' => 'R', 'Σ' => 'S', 'Τ' => 'T', 'Υ' => 'Y', 'Φ' => 'F', 'Χ' => 'X', 'Ψ' => 'PS', 'Ω' => 'W', 'Ά' => 'A', 'Έ' => 'E', 'Ί' => 'I', 'Ό' => 'O', 'Ύ' => 'Y', 'Ή' => 'H', 'Ώ' => 'W', 'Ϊ' => 'I', 'Ϋ' => 'Y', 'α' => 'a', 'β' => 'b', 'γ' => 'g', 'δ' => 'd', 'ε' => 'e', 'ζ' => 'z', 'η' => 'h', 'θ' => '8', 'ι' => 'i', 'κ' => 'k', 'λ' => 'l', 'μ' => 'm', 'ν' => 'n', 'ξ' => '3', 'ο' => 'o', 'π' => 'p', 'ρ' => 'r', 'σ' => 's', 'τ' => 't', 'υ' => 'y', 'φ' => 'f', 'χ' => 'x', 'ψ' => 'ps', 'ω' => 'w', 'ά' => 'a', 'έ' => 'e', 'ί' => 'i', 'ό' => 'o', 'ύ' => 'y', 'ή' => 'h', 'ώ' => 'w', 'ς' => 's', 'ϊ' => 'i', 'ΰ' => 'y', 'ϋ' => 'y', 'ΐ' => 'i', // Turkish
		'Ş' => 'S', 'İ' => 'I', 'Ç' => 'C', 'Ü' => 'U', 'Ö' => 'O', 'Ğ' => 'G', 'ş' => 's', 'ı' => 'i', 'ç' => 'c', 'ü' => 'u', 'ö' => 'o', 'ğ' => 'g', // Russian
		'А' => 'A', 'Б' => 'B', 'В' => 'V', 'Г' => 'G', 'Д' => 'D', 'Е' => 'E', 'Ё' => 'Yo', 'Ж' => 'Zh', 'З' => 'Z', 'И' => 'I', 'Й' => 'J', 'К' => 'K', 'Л' => 'L', 'М' => 'M', 'Н' => 'N', 'О' => 'O', 'П' => 'P', 'Р' => 'R', 'С' => 'S', 'Т' => 'T', 'У' => 'U', 'Ф' => 'F', 'Х' => 'H', 'Ц' => 'C', 'Ч' => 'Ch', 'Ш' => 'Sh', 'Щ' => 'Sh', 'Ъ' => '', 'Ы' => 'Y', 'Ь' => '', 'Э' => 'E', 'Ю' => 'Yu', 'Я' => 'Ya', 'а' => 'a', 'б' => 'b', 'в' => 'v', 'г' => 'g', 'д' => 'd', 'е' => 'e', 'ё' => 'yo', 'ж' => 'zh', 'з' => 'z', 'и' => 'i', 'й' => 'j', 'к' => 'k', 'л' => 'l', 'м' => 'm', 'н' => 'n', 'о' => 'o', 'п' => 'p', 'р' => 'r', 'с' => 's', 'т' => 't', 'у' => 'u', 'ф' => 'f', 'х' => 'h', 'ц' => 'c', 'ч' => 'ch', 'ш' => 'sh', 'щ' => 'sh', 'ъ' => '', 'ы' => 'y', 'ь' => '', 'э' => 'e', 'ю' => 'yu', 'я' => 'ya', // Ukrainian
		'Є' => 'Ye', 'І' => 'I', 'Ї' => 'Yi', 'Ґ' => 'G', 'є' => 'ye', 'і' => 'i', 'ї' => 'yi', 'ґ' => 'g', // Czech
		'Č' => 'C', 'Ď' => 'D', 'Ě' => 'E', 'Ň' => 'N', 'Ř' => 'R', 'Š' => 'S', 'Ť' => 'T', 'Ů' => 'U', 'Ž' => 'Z', 'č' => 'c', 'ď' => 'd', 'ě' => 'e', 'ň' => 'n', 'ř' => 'r', 'š' => 's', 'ť' => 't', 'ů' => 'u', 'ž' => 'z', // Polish
		'Ą' => 'A', 'Ć' => 'C', 'Ę' => 'e', 'Ł' => 'L', 'Ń' => 'N', 'Ó' => 'o', 'Ś' => 'S', 'Ź' => 'Z', 'Ż' => 'Z', 'ą' => 'a', 'ć' => 'c', 'ę' => 'e', 'ł' => 'l', 'ń' => 'n', 'ó' => 'o', 'ś' => 's', 'ź' => 'z', 'ż' => 'z', // Latvian
		'Ā' => 'A', 'Č' => 'C', 'Ē' => 'E', 'Ģ' => 'G', 'Ī' => 'i', 'Ķ' => 'k', 'Ļ' => 'L', 'Ņ' => 'N', 'Š' => 'S', 'Ū' => 'u', 'Ž' => 'Z', 'ā' => 'a', 'č' => 'c', 'ē' => 'e', 'ģ' => 'g', 'ī' => 'i', 'ķ' => 'k', 'ļ' => 'l', 'ņ' => 'n', 'š' => 's', 'ū' => 'u', 'ž' => 'z'
	);
	
	// Make custom replacements
	$str = preg_replace(array_keys($options['replacements']), $options['replacements'], $str);
	
	// Transliterate characters to ASCII
	if ($options['transliterate']) {
		$str = str_replace(array_keys($char_map), $char_map, $str);
	}
	
	// Replace non-alphanumeric characters with our delimiter
	$str = preg_replace('/[^\p{L}\p{Nd}]+/u', $options['delimiter'], $str);
	
	// Remove duplicate delimiters
	$str = preg_replace('/(' . preg_quote($options['delimiter'], '/') . '){2, }/', '$1', $str);
	
	// Truncate slug to max. characters
	$str = mb_substr($str, 0, ($options['limit'] ? $options['limit'] : mb_strlen($str, 'UTF-8')), 'UTF-8');
	
	// Remove delimiter from ends
	$str = trim($str, $options['delimiter']);
	
	return $options['lowercase'] ? mb_strtolower($str, 'UTF-8') : $str;
}
?>

然后, 你可以将其与特殊字符配合使用, 即：

// Example using French with unwanted characters ('?)
echo "Qu'en est-il français? Ça marche alors?" . "\n";
echo url_slug("Qu'en est-il français? Ça marche alors?") . "\n\n";
// Example using transliteration
echo "Что делать, если я не хочу, UTF-8?" . "\n";
echo url_slug("Что делать, если я не хочу, UTF-8?", array('transliterate' => true)) . "\n\n";
// Example using transliteration on an unsupported language
echo "מה אם אני לא רוצה UTF-8 תווים?" . "\n";
echo url_slug("מה אם אני לא רוצה UTF-8 תווים?", array('transliterate' => true)) . "\n\n";
// Some other options
echo "This is an Example String. What's Going to Happen to Me?" . "\n";
echo url_slug(
	"This is an Example String. What's Going to Happen to Me?", array(
		'delimiter' => '_', 'limit' => 40, 'lowercase' => false, 'replacements' => array(
			'/\b(an)\b/i' => 'a', '/\b(example)\b/i' => 'Test'
		)
	)
);
/*
Output:
This is an example string. Nothing fancy.
this-is-an-example-string-nothing-fancy
Qu'en est-il français? Ça marche alors?
qu-en-est-il-français-ça-marche-alors
Что делать, если я не хочу, UTF-8?
chto-delat-esli-ya-ne-hochu-utf-8
מה אם אני לא רוצה UTF-8 תווים?
מה-אם-אני-לא-רוצה-utf-8-תווים
This is an Example String. What's Going to Happen to Me?
This_is_a_Test_String_What_s_Going_to_Ha
*/

短塞功能

如果你是那些”手工艺”开发人员之一(甚至支持UTF-8字符, 但在其中的重要性不高), 则可能需要一种行式解决方案。幸运的是, 有一个有用的单行函数可以轻松处理complications化过程, 而不会带来太多麻烦：

<?php 

function Slug($string){
    return strtolower(trim(preg_replace('~[^0-9a-z]+~i', '-', html_entity_decode(preg_replace('~&([a-z]{1, 2})(?:acute|cedil|circ|grave|lig|orn|ring|slash|th|tilde|uml);~i', '$1', htmlentities($string, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8')), ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8')), '-'));
}

$user = 'Cómo hablar en sílabas';
echo Slug($user); // como-hablar-en-silabas

$user = 'Álix Ãxel';
echo Slug($user); // alix-axel

$user = 'Álix----_Ãxel!?!?';
echo Slug($user); // alix-axel

如你所见, 它支持将复杂的字符(由A转换为A, 从ü转换为u等), 这些字符将包含在URL中, 并且你不需要为此提供大型功能。

玩得开心 ！